Polygonia c-album (Comma): A Distinctive Butterfly of the UK
The Comma (Polygonia c-album)
A striking butterfly with a unique scalloped wing shape and rich colouring that make it one of the most recognisable species in the UK. It is notable for its adaptability and contribution to the biodiversity of British habitats.
Physical Characteristics
The Comma butterfly is named for the small white marking on the underside of its hindwings, resembling a comma. Its wings are a vivid orange-brown with black spots on the upper side, while the undersides are mottled brown, resembling a dead leaf—a camouflage tactic that helps deter predators. The wingspan ranges from 50 to 64 millimetres.
Habitat and Distribution
This butterfly thrives in a variety of habitats, including woodland edges, hedgerows, gardens, and parks. The Comma is widespread across England, Wales, and parts of Scotland, with populations particularly dense in the south. Its adaptability allows it to colonise both rural and urban areas.
Feeding Behaviour
Adult Comma butterflies feed on nectar from flowers such as buddleia, thistles, and knapweed. They also feed on tree sap and overripe fruit, particularly during the late summer and autumn. The caterpillars feed on nettles, hops, and elms, which serve as host plants.
Life Cycle
The Comma follows a typical butterfly life cycle of egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Eggs are laid singly on host plant leaves, and the caterpillars, which are black with white and orange markings, are often mistaken for bird droppings—a clever form of camouflage. The chrysalis is angular and mottled, resembling a dried leaf.
Seasonal Adaptations
The Comma exhibits two broods per year, with adults emerging in early spring and again in late summer. The summer brood is larger and includes individuals that hibernate through the winter, re-emerging the following spring to breed.
Ecological Role
This butterfly plays an important role in pollination, benefiting wildflowers and garden plants. Its caterpillars serve as a food source for birds and other predators, contributing to the ecological balance of their habitats.
Conservation Status
The Comma has experienced a remarkable resurgence in the UK, expanding its range northward over the past century. This recovery is attributed to its adaptability and climate change, which has created milder winters. It is currently not considered at risk, although habitat preservation remains crucial for its continued success.
Symbolism and Appreciation
The Comma’s unique appearance and lifecycle have made it a favourite among butterfly enthusiasts. Its remarkable camouflage and bright colouring reflect nature’s creativity, inspiring admiration and interest in its conservation.
Supporting the Comma Butterfly
Gardeners can support Comma populations by planting nectar-rich flowers and leaving patches of nettles or other host plants. Avoiding the use of pesticides ensures a safe environment for these butterflies to thrive. Maintaining diverse, natural habitats is essential for sustaining their populations.
Conclusion
The Comma butterfly is a resilient and captivating species that contributes to the beauty and biodiversity of the UK’s landscapes. Its adaptability and ecological significance make it an inspiring example of nature’s ability to flourish even in changing environments.